Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity of BEA, ENN B and MON in cultured human Jurkat T cells (1 × 10 4 cells/well), based on IC 50 value, determined using MTT assay. Cells were treated for 24 h with tested mycotoxins at variable concentrations.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: Cell Culture, MTT Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of beauvericin (BEA), enniatin B (ENN B), and moniliformin (MON) on cell viability in human Jurkat T cells (clone E6.1). Exponentially growing Jurkat T cells (1 × 10 4 cells/well) were treated with increasing concentrations of BEA (0–7.24 μM), ENN B (0–17.88 μM), and MON (0–161.80 μM) for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay, reflecting the enzymatic reduction of tetrazolium dye in metabolically active cells. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences compared to the vehicle control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Metabolic Labelling, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative cytotoxic effects of combined mycotoxin treatments on human Jurkat T cells. Jurkat T cells were exposed to BEA in combination with ENN B (A) , BEA with MON (B) , and ENN B with MON (C) at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. All combinations induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability, with combined treatments generally exhibiting greater cytotoxic effects than individual compounds. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences compared to the vehicle control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined cytotoxic effects of BEA, ENN B, and MON on human Jurkat T cells. Jurkat T cells were treated with BEA, ENN B, and MON individually and in combination (BEA + ENN B+ MON) at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. The combined treatment exhibited a more pronounced reduction in cell viability compared to individual mycotoxins. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences compared to the vehicle control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose–effect parameters of BEA, ENN B, and MON in human Jurkat T cells following combined treatments.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination index ( C I ) versus fraction affected ( F a ) curves for beauvericin (BEA), enniatin B (ENN B), and moniliformin (MON) in human Jurkat T cells. C I – F a plots were generated using the Chou–Talalay median-effect method for cells exposed to BEA + ENN B (A) , BEA + MON (B) , ENN B+ MON (C) , and the ternary mixture BEA + ENN B+ MON (D) for 24 h. Each data point represents the mean C I ± SD derived from three independent biological experiments ( n = 3 ) at specified fractional effect levels. The horizontal dashed line ( C I = 1 ) denotes additivity ( 0.90 ≤ C I ≤ 1.10 ); values below 0.90 ( C I < 0.90 ) represent synergism, whereas values above 1.10 ( C I > 1.10 ) indicate antagonism.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: Generated, Derivative Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination index (CI) and dose‐reduction index (DRI) values for cytotoxic interactions of BEA, ENN B, and MON in human Jurkat T cells.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Polygonogram illustrating the interaction patterns among BEA, ENN B, and MON at a fractional effect of 0.5 (fa = 0.5) in human Jurkat T cells. Thick solid lines indicate synergistic interactions between toxin pairs, while the triangular connection represents synergism in the ternary combination. The results demonstrate consistent synergistic effects among all combinations at this effect level, supporting synergistic interactions under sub-maximal effect conditions based on Combination Index analysis.

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: Analysis

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of BEA, ENN B, and MON on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human Jurkat T cells. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of BEA (0–7.24 μM), ENN B (0–17.88 μM), and MON (0–161.80 μM) for 24 h. ROS levels were measured using a Total ROS assay and expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU). Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences compared to the control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: ROS Assay, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Combined exposure to emerging Fusarium mycotoxins produces concentration-dependent synergistic toxicity in Jurkat T cells

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1924250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of BEA, ENN B, and MON, individually and in combination, on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human Jurkat T cells. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of BEA, ENN B, and MON, alone or in binary and ternary combinations, for 24 h. ROS levels were measured using a Total ROS assay and expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU) (A) BEA + ENN B (B) BEA + MON (C) ENN B+ MON, and (D) BEA + ENN B+ MON. Data represent Mean ± SD of three independent biological experiments (n = 3), with individual experimental values shown as overlayed data points. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences compared to the control group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells (catalog number: EP-CL-0129; Elabscience, Houston, TX, United States) were used as an experimental model in this study.

Techniques: ROS Assay, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Clinical and Experimental Immunology

Article Title: Cultured lymphocytes’ mitochondrial genome integrity is not altered by cladribine

doi: 10.1093/cei/uxad112

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proliferation rates of the T-cell lines and effects of cladribine on cell viability. (a) The growth rate of Jurkat E6.1 is faster than the CCRF-CEM cell line ( n = 3). (b) A cladribine dose response curve in Jurkat E6.1 cell line for cell proliferation with 48 hours ( n = 5) and 96 hours culture ( n = 5). (c) The effect of cladribine on cell proliferation in Jurkat with 12 days ( n = 5) and 16 days in culture ( n = 5). (d) The effect of cladribine on cell proliferation in CCRF-CEM with 2 days ( n = 5), 8 days ( n = 4), and 12 days ( n = 4) in culture ( n = 5).

Article Snippet: The human leukemic Jurkat E6.1 cell line (pseudodiploid, modal No 46) and the CCRF-CEM (ECACC 85112105) cell line (2 n = 46) were obtained from the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) general cell collection and cultured according to the recommended instructions (Jurkat E6.1: RPMI 1640; 2 mM glutamine; 10% FBS) (CCRF-CEM: RPMI 1640; 2 mM glutamine; 20% FBS).

Techniques:

Journal: Clinical and Experimental Immunology

Article Title: Cultured lymphocytes’ mitochondrial genome integrity is not altered by cladribine

doi: 10.1093/cei/uxad112

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of cladribine on mitochondrial protein synthesis. (a) Immunoblot of MT-ATP6, MT-CO1, MRPL11, MRPS35, CASPASE3, SDHA, and CANX after 12 days culture with cladribine. In this experiment, 10 nM cladribine in CCRF cells resulted in extensive cell death, and immunoblot was not performed. (b) A pulse metabolic labeling of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The effect on mitochondrial protein synthesis in the CCRF-CEM and Jurkat cells after treatment with cladribine for 8 days ( n = 3) or 12 days ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: The human leukemic Jurkat E6.1 cell line (pseudodiploid, modal No 46) and the CCRF-CEM (ECACC 85112105) cell line (2 n = 46) were obtained from the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) general cell collection and cultured according to the recommended instructions (Jurkat E6.1: RPMI 1640; 2 mM glutamine; 10% FBS) (CCRF-CEM: RPMI 1640; 2 mM glutamine; 20% FBS).

Techniques: Western Blot, Labeling